If Private Goods are owned publicly, they tend to be over-utilized/over-exploited.（过度开发/利用）, and this is called the Tragedy of the Commons, there are 2 ways to avoid them:
- Give the ownership to an individual who would have the appropriate incentive to invest in its preservation or use and to exclude others from using it
- Devise an enforceable and effective method of restricting access to the common resource.